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A deficiency of potassium (hypokalemia) can occur in people with certain diseases or as a result of taking diuretics for the treatment of high blood pressure or heart failure. Diuretics are probably the most common cause of hypokalemia. The most common problems associated with reduced potassium levels are electrocardiogram (ECG) changes, weakness, and fatigue; also, cardiac arrhythmias (irregular heart beats) could be a concern.
A variety of conditions can cause the loss of potassium from the body. The most common of these conditions are vomiting and diarrhea.
Kidney disease (such as acute renal failure) and diabetes, depending on the stage of either disease, can also cause fluctuations in the levels of potassium. Additionally, many medications -- such as diuretics, laxatives, and steroids -- can cause depletion of potassium.
The most common symptom of potassium depletion is fatigue. Other symptoms of potassium deficiency include slow reflexes, muscle weakness, and EKG changes. A quick loss of potassium could lead to cardiac arrhythmias.
Symptoms of severe potassium deficiency include decreased heart rate, extreme muscle weakness, and, if untreated, death. A low level of potassium can be determined with a blood test and can be treated with potassium supplements.
Increased levels of potassium in the blood is known as hyperkalemia. Some common causes of this are reduced renal (kidney) function, an abnormal breakdown of protein, and severe infection. The most common cause of hyperkalemia is reduced kidney function, especially in patients receiving dialysis for kidney failure.
Muscle breakdown from heat, exercise, or medications may rarely occur, and can cause hyperkalemia. Rarely, during vigorous exercise, especially if the person is dehydrated, excess potassium intake in food or supplements can cause hyperkalemia.
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